The Nature of Gases and Liquids

• Definition and properties of gases and liquids
• Laws of ideal and real gases
• Applications of gas laws
• Gas kinetic theory (velocity, collisions, mean free path)
• Phase diagrams and critical conditions
• Viscosity of gases and liquids

Chemical Reaction Equilibrium

• Definition of chemical equilibrium
• Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium constants
• Factors affecting equilibrium (Le Chatelier’s principle)
• Effect of pressure and temperature on equilibrium constants

Ideal Solutions

• Definition and types of solutions
• Concentration and solution properties
• Raoult’s law and Henry’s law with case examples
• Partial molar volume and colligative properties:
  • Vapor pressure
  • Boiling point elevation
  • Freezing point depression
  • Osmotic pressure

Electrolyte Solutions

• Definition and colligative properties of electrolyte solutions
• Electrolytic conductance and factors affecting it
• Ion migration, Hittorf’s law, and transport numbers
• Case examples and applications

Chemical Reaction Kinetics

• Basic concepts and reaction orders (first, second, third)
• Reversible, parallel, and consecutive reactions
• Chain reactions and Arrhenius equations
• Activation energy and collision theory
• Transition state theory of bimolecular reactions

Surface Phenomena

• Surface tension and adsorption (monolayer and multilayer)
• Catalytic reaction kinetics and reaction order
• Heterogeneous reactions and the effect of temperature
• Catalytic inhibitors and their mechanisms